WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES

WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES

INTRODUCTION

Web 2.0 is the most widely used technologies beyond HTML. They have changed the way the web is used and perceived. These web 2.0 technologies have been designed to explain the phenomenon like social networking, collective intelligence (Chisholm, 1999). In recent technology, the ‘Second life’ and ‘world of war craft’ were the virtual creations that have been developed where people can assume new personalities and build an online reputation.

ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

The main accessibility concerns of web 2.0 rely on the web for everyday tasks as well as for employment, entertainment and also for learning purposes. One of the main utility factors is online shopping which allows people or users with visual or mobility to shop independently without travelling to a particular location or hub. Web 2.0 can provide enormous benefits among those which are new paradigm are not easily manageable (Reilly, 2005).

Coming to the toolkits, the new generation sources are available in web 2.0 which individual has its own identity and its own applications. Among them, RSS, wiki, Blogging and Podcasting are the tools which has beneficiaries such as mutual sharing of knowledge explicitly.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOOLS USED

Really simple syndicate

The RSS is the social tool designated by symbol .)) RSS stands for Really simple syndicate. It is not totally a document based system rather it is a database system which makes searching possible and easier. It is usually seen in the blogs where the words are displayed in different sizes depending on the priority of the number of time it has been used by the users.

Wiki

Wiki is just like one of the search engine where information is collected with the help of RSS. It can obtain the information regarding the data that is provided in the searching option. The material like journals, case studies and reference materials can be found related to a particular topic chosen. It helps to make the lesser time constraints.

Blogging

Blogging helps organization in sharing the views of one another. It can share files, pictures and also can comment on each other. This type of communication is open to all sources and accessible to everyone. One can also post their questions in their blogs and can get answers from experts within no time. In this way, the knowledge is shared explicitly among the people of organization.

Podcasting

Podcasting is one of the technologies which helps I communication between the user and the client through audio sharing. This enables us to maintain regular contact with the clients and can solve any doubts regarding their subject in an efficient manner.

These are the several open sources that are providing base functionalities with respect to the social tools that can be utilized by an organisation for running effectively and efficiently.

REFERENCES

1. Smith, B. University of Toronto: ‘’ leads project for adaptive Web applications’’, Canadian Technology News, April 12, 2007.

2. Seeman, L.,’’ The Semantic Web, Web Accesibility, and Device Independence. ACM SIGCAPH Newsletter’’, No. 76, June 2003.

3. Chisholm, W., Vanderheiden, G. and Jacobs, ‘’ Web Content Accessibility Guidelines’’

Pg. no. 34, 1999.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION

Many companies reported to success with the introduction of Knowledge Management Systems into their project environment. By the introduction of KMS, the organization will run efficiently and effectively. The workers of organisation has to be able to choose what is effective concept to the organization that can be able to create a language and process some techniques and tools that are appropriate to the organization(Fleming, 1995).

WHAT IT IS

Knowledge Management Systems provides knowledge sharing, knowledge enhancing and knowledge preserving (Fleming, 1996). It deals with multiple activities of an organization. It also supports knowledge sharing networks and issues like training programs and operating manuals. The members had pursued the way of adapting a new system to support themselves in the field of what the people of organization are really trying to accomplish (Borghoff, 1997).

KMS can also be used for a wide range of cooperative, collaborative, hierarchy communities, virtual organizations, societies and other virtual networks, to manage media contents and activities, interactions and work-flows purposes in projects, networks, departments, privileges, roles, participants and other active users in order to extract and generate new knowledge and to enhance.

MY PERSPECTIVE

Here I can come out through discussing one of my example that relates to an organization which has already introduced KMS for its effective growth. My chosen organization is English film industry Hollywood. The type of KMS introduced here is the technology with different modern aspects so called WEB 2.0. It includes all types of communication between the media and the audience. It acts like a barrier in utilizing all the sources and functions to the maximum.

As it came into discussion alone, the techniques and tools that are used for the achievement of initializing growth of the organization is by using blogging, online telecasting, visual diagramming reviews.

Blogging is done from the creation of the user where regular updates are being carried out. The reviews about the films and details about the upcoming releases are also posted in the related sites to create interest in the audience.

The online telecasting is one of the vastly used processes helpful for the industry which enables the users to reduce the time factor and difficulties by providing data through broadband. The live broadcast of the programs which enhances faster communication relates techniques similar to visual diagramming. This feature enables podcasting for the effective communication between user and server.

The Web 2.0 technology is itself the system that is introduced in the industry for its effective running using the social tools. By the introduction of these tools, it is found that the system has enhanced faster communication compared to earlier and also as every industry desires, like the reputation increases enormously.

CONCLUSION

So the multiple activities are carried out in organization because as organization process maturity, differentiation takes place through policies, standards and organizational structures (Hammer, 1996). The workers would be able to choose an effective concept to the organization and thus create techniques and tools that are appropriate to it. In this way, the system server improvement factor uses the advanced technologies and processes.

REFERENCES

1. Langton, N & Robbins, S. ‘’ Organizational Behaviour ‘’ (Fourth Canadian Edition).: published by: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.

2. Seeman, L. ‘’ The Implementation of KMS, Industrial Behaviour ,. Published by: acm sigcaph Newsletter, pg.no. 76, June 2003.

3. Alavi. M &Leidner. E (1999),”knowledge management systems : issues, challenges , and benefits”, Communications of the association for information systems, vol.1,artcle 7, 1994.

Knowledge Management in Organisation

Knowledge Management in an Organisation

Knowledge management enables the members of organisation in dealing the situations effectively and creating the vision to their future. There are certain needs for Knowledge Management practices in Organisation workplace in order to promote knowledge sharing among the managers and the employees of the organisation. Knowledge is shared and disseminated throughout the organisation [Zack, 1999]. In addition to the organisational Knowledge Management, the KM of the people and KM of infrastructure and process [Sveiby, 1994] are the subsystems that are to be balanced in order to attain a successful KM effort. It is very important to assign a KM strategy to the overall business of the organisation [Carlson, 1996].

Fig. Extracted from Theoritical Framework of KM by Nakkiran, 1996.

Designing Framework

It is more important to focus on the employees and their contribution towards the organisation. Each should be motivated thoroughly in order to make them feel that they are also a part of it. This can be done by encouraging them in individual learning [Holland, 1998], creating vision [Tiwana, 2000] and announcing rewards to those employees who come front with innovative ideas.

Performing a knowledge based SWOT analysis [Humphrey, 1998] is also recommended which helps in identifying the organisation in filling the knowledge gap by designing the organisation strategy. This is one of the best ways to achieve better initiative growth in the organisation.

For example, TVS is a motor company in India. In this company, the KM of the people and KM of the organisation is managed by allocating incentives to the employees who are with good customer service record and feedback. It is also important to motivate members so that they can see themselves as part of organisation, so that it would be easier for them to take up the values and standards of their organisation. They are set to some goals and objectives. In addition to these, they are also awarded with best titles for their service. There was a gradual growth in sales after this attempt and it is in better position by implementing this innovative idea.

As discussed above, creating vision [Tiwana, 2000] helps in designing the organisation. It helps the employees in creating better understanding in what they are being asked to contribute to the knowledge management effort. Vision also creates a sense of belonging for the employees and make them to participate in change process. The CEO should act as a barrier between employees of organisaiton and the Knowledge Management hierarchy that exists in the organisation.

REFERENCES

1. Desouza, K. C., ‘’ Facilitating tacit knowledge exchange: Communications of the ACM ‘’ , 2003, pg: 85-88.

2. Grover, V., and Davenport, T. H., ‘’ General perspectives on knowledge management: Fostering a research agenda, Journalof Management Information Systems ’’, 2001, pg : 5 -21.

3. Maier, R. and Remus, U. ‘’ Towards a framework for knowledge management strategies: Process orientation as strategic starting point, in Proceedings of the International Conference on System Sciences’’, 2001.

4. Lee, H., and Choi, B.,’’ Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical examination, Journal of Management Information Systems’’, 2003, pg: 179-228.

5. Jennex, M. E., and Olfman L., ‘’ Development recommendations for knowledge management /organizational memory systems, in Contemporary Trends in IS Development ’’, Kluwer, 2001.

6. Misra, D., Hariharan, R., and Khaneja, ‘’knowledge management framework for government organizations, Information Systems Management’’, 2003, pg: 38-48.

CHALLENGES, BENEFITS AND ISSUES OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Organisations are developing information systems designed specifically to facilitate the sharing and integration of knowledge. Such systems are called knowledge management systems.

This study is to do a little research

· How field data exists

· The implementation and development of such systems

· It also provides the analysis of current practices, outcomes and the nature of knowledge management systems.

The concept of coding and transmitting knowledge is not new. This type of training , employee development programmes, organisational policies, reports and manuals have served KMS for years.

For example,

The McDonalds restaurant operating manual capture almost every aspect of the restaurant. Management includes cooking, nutrition, hygiene, marketing, food production and accounting. This process of coding and disseminating knowledge again repeats improving the effectiveness of its operations.

Knowledge is subjective information related to facts, procedures, concepts, interpretations, ideas, observations and judgements. Major challenge of knowledge management is less its creation and more its capture and integration.

A program was conducted on Management of Information Technology at Northeast university in july 1997. It included 109 participants from 12 different countries. The participants were Chief information officers, Information system managers and general area executives.

10 US and 4 non Us respondents report having an existing KMS in their organisations. Three Us and 4 non US respondents reported developing the KMs in their organisations.

Issues of knowledge Management:

Information:

Building vast amount of data into usable form

Avoiding overloading users with unnecessary data

Eliminating wrong or old data

Ensuring customer confidentiality

Keeping the information current

Management:

Change management implications

Getting individuals to volunteer knowledge

Getting business units to share knowledge

Demonstrating business value

Bringing together many people from various units

Determining responsibility for managing the knowledge

Technology:

Determining infrastructure requirements

Keeping up with new technologies

Security of data on internet

Benifits of existing knowledge management systems:

Process outcomes:

Communication:

Enhanced communication
Faster communication
Morevisible opinion of staff
Increased staff participants

Efficiency:

Reducing problem solving time
Shortening proposal times
Faster results

Faster delivery to market

Organisational outcomes:

Financial:

Increased sales
Decreased cost
Higher profitability

Marketing:

Better service
Customer focus
Targeted marketing
Proactive marketing

'' This is a draft.. references will be added in due course.. ''

THE MODELS OF KM

What a MODEL is..?

A Model is a narrative description that can promote knowledge and learning and models are the representations which are expressed in a medium of interest (Postrel, 1986). A logo can representan organization but does not model it.

Among many implications, SECI model proposed by Nonaka and Takeuchi in 1995 dealing with Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. These tried to distinct between Tacit and Explicit knowledge. SECI model is a spiralling process of interactions between explicit and tacit knowledge.

The different types of models of knowledge management are found in search are
Epistemology,
Ontology...
The different meanings of Epistemology stated in survey are as....

EPISTEMOLOGY IS ...

Theory of knowledge (Nelson, 1976)

Includes the origin of knowledge(Herman, 1935)

Place of experience in generating knowledge(Fries, 1840)

Relation between knowledge and certainty(Wittgestein, 1945)

Central concern of philosophy(Poincare, 1902) etc.,

In my perspective, Epistemology is the one which came from the inner self up to what extent we can believe a truth . It seems like some how we must get around things which are very close to the reality.

I have even had the terminity recently in compiling a brief resume under the title Knowledge Management with our teammates. But once when the discussions and debates are completed, we came to know that the models of Knowledge Management are likely different. There has been growing interest in treating knowledge as a significant organisational resource.

where as ONTOLOGY is a set of concepts within a domain and relationship between those concepts..(jacquette, 1996) which can be used to reason about the properties of domain or sometimes to define the domain too...

From these... we can understand that the primary task of knowledge management models like Epistemology and Ontology is to just identify how knowledge and justification are enclosed or bounded to the natural human philosophy. so that one can make a careful and attentive reasoning.

In my critical analysis, there are Four things necessary for a model to exist. They are:

a) subject of model
b)observer
c)user and
d)creator of model

Basically, the subject is chosen depending upon the status of the interaction throughout. Model makes the import and export of knowledge bases from one form to other just like the ‘’knowledge conversion’’ (McElroy, 1999) in SECI model reviewed earlier. It A referencing point is put forth by each model. All such reference points are made together located individually, addressed individually so that easy sharing is done. We can resolve many differences in the description framework. It has become one of the primary goals in knowledge based systems. A separate platform can be created where people can share their true beliefs to define one’s own behaviour only with some significant changes.

At the same time, the user can understand and apply it easily. Designing the model needs a simple ability to share and view its conceptual tools working together in different positions. Moreover, the implications work on the same. Model is primarily focused on differentiation of knowledge in two areas. The explicit and tacit knowledge which work underground to attain sustainability for its existence. These work in providing knowledge on type of information desired, but such a data is necessary to create and use in naturally formed knowledge management models are generally dispersed.

References:

1) Stanford (2005) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/#add Date accessed: [5 Feb,2009].

2) Carnfield (1999) Organisational Benifits, http://www.som.cranfield.ac.uk/som/msc/mop/organisational.asp Date accessed: [5 Feb,2009].

3) Aiai (1997 ) http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~alm/kamlnks.html Date accessed : [6 Feb, 2009]

4) Abecker, A., Bernardi, A., Hinkelmann, K., Kühn, O., & Sintek, M. (1997). Towards aWell-Founded Technology for Organizational Memories, in B.R. Gaines, & R. Uthurusamy (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence in Knowledge Management, Papers from the 1997 AAAI Spring Symposium, Menlo Park.

Knowledge Management Organisation

ORGANISATION

A system of consciously coordinated activities of to or more persons is called an Organisation (Bernard, 1998) In my words, usually a group of people who work together is called an Organisation. In other words, Organisation can be defined as the activity of distributing or disposing things properly for people of one community (Etzioni, 2000).

If the Organisation has a main lead who is perfectly manages the knowledge , the organisation would surely be successful in all elements. So, it mean that the knowledge management measures play a vital role in organisational programme.

In my perspective,

The design of an Organisation involves many differentiations. These differentiations are made under many considerations such as Organisation culture (Siehl, 1982) , Leadership and Organisational styles (Waterman, 1982), Organisational change (Clutterbuck, 1990). These are the considerations for running an organisation effectively and to develop the organisation.

Designing the Organisation

There are four basic organisational design factors. They are:

a) This is done on the basis of job definition which is found in division of labour and work specialisation.

b) Departmentalisation (Kanter, 1985) is process of forming individual tasks into different groups where some of them may include functional, products, customer and matrix.

c) Span of control is also a major concern which refers to number of people a manager can effectively handle. It mostly depends on situation.

d) Decentralisation (Handy, 1984) is perspective to some degree in all organisation. This includes competitive marketing conditions, philosophy of management, etc.,

Organisation culture

The main objective is to appreciate the process of role of organisational behaviour.

It is key to Organisational excellence (Siehl, 1982). It is pattern of the assumption that a given group has invented. The organisation culture can be analysed at several different levels.

Organisational culture is having something to do with the people and the unique character of the organisation. (Miles, 1980).

Leadership and Organisational styles

Leadership is defined as a set of expectations for all members who make the organisation to involve in achieving for better results (Waterman, 1982). Leading is to create an influencing option or guiding in own direction. But the distinction of leadership qualities are critical.

In my words, Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right thing

In my critical analysis :

We should introduce a change efficiently and effectively in order to put the organisational behaviour in a perfect manner.

Organisational Development ---through-->Organisational Change

Many companies are undergoing change, but only few have been successful in managing this process. The firm relies on training to help their employees understand what they want from their work and how they can go about getting it so that they can make the best use of it.

Positive attitude is to be inculcated for Organisational development. Other than this, Commitment must be made i.e., teamwork of each and every individual has to decide that to attain a particular goal, what efforts are to be put by organisation. After each and every trail, progress should be seen in which growth should be found eventually.

The main purpose of this is to describe the initiative setup of the transfer of ideas in addition to the project management, link management.

Knowledge Management challenge is to bring together people and their expertise across barriers of time, space and culture." Knowledge Management is required and applied for various reasons such as long duration projects, transfer of expertise, or change in staff complement. " ( European Space Organisations Centre, 2008)

" Knowledge Management is to get right information to right person at right time so that they can use best of it. " (NASA, 2003). I have even had the limitations found in compiling the brief resume under the title Knowledge Management with our teammates. But once when the discussions and debates are completed, we came to know that the models of Knowledge Management are likely different. There has been growing interest in treating knowledge as a significant organisational resource.

If it is done so, the change in development would rather be easily possible.

References :

1) i l.Miles, J.B. “Theories of Organisational Behaviour”. Hinsdale, III. Dryden press, 1980.

2) 2. J. Martin and C. Siehl, “Organisational Culture and Counterculture: An uneasy symbiosis,” Organisational Dynamics, Autumn 1982.

3) 3. Richard Beckhard, Organisation Development: Strategies and Models (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley publishing, 1969)

4) 4. Wendell L.French and Cecil H. Bell, Jr., Organisation Development, 2^nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,1978), p.14

5) 5. Fred E. Fiedler, A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967).

Difference between Data,Information and Knowledge

Data : It is collection of raw facts and figures. It may be represented in the form of binary numbers

For Example: If we consider a number 9, it can be represented in binary form as 1001
It means that 1001 is the data that has been recorded as 9.

Information : Frame work of facts or data. The recorded form can be particularly stated as information.

For Example: Consider a usual student who attend classes everyday, the progress report and the attendance report at the annual is the information of the student.

Knowledge :

Expertise, and skills that are acquired by a person through experience or education.

Acquiring knowledge is a complex process which involves reasoning, learning, communication, perception.

These are the global properties of organization (Mark W. McElroy, 2003).

Differed in this way:


The relationship between data information and knowledge could be summarized in my technical field background as follows..

If we consider the Information Technology field(IT) field, Database Management System(DBMS), Data Mining (DM) and Data ware houses(DW).. these are the most commonly used ITs in support of Knowledge Management in any Company. These are dealt in higher hierarchy.

Reason for considering these types instead of Intranets, Ethernets etc., because DBMS, DM, and DW are the ITs currently applied in Knowledge Management abstract are in data level but not in Knowledge level.

The computing languages like UNIX or some others that are used to format the program or used for web design by Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) is Data flow for the observer. Where as the content that the user provides in mediating language is the Information for the system. All the pairing representation is Knowledge for the same user. So, in this way Data, Information and Knowledge differs in the views of Observer, system and the user respectively.

So, Data is always specified in a conceptual context. Information is the one which expresses data in a structured format.


References :

1. Pon elis, S. and Fair-Wessels, 1998 '' Knowledge Management:A Literature Overview'', South Africa Journal of Library Information Science, (pg. 1-10)

2. Hammergren, Tom 1998 '' Data Ware-Housing Internet: Accessing the corporate Knowledge Base'', University of Illinois press, (pg. 114)

OUR TEAMWORK

This was our final presentation on the topic "Community Of Purpose" . Our team work worked out and got a great round of applause for it.







When I was explaining my team-mates about the Strategy.









This is how our co batch mates present their own views on particular issue when considered...

Explore LONDON

In this busy life people got addicted to WORK and it became hard enough to find such a time to relax..... My friends and I went along to explore London... and had fun in the journey.. Some of the most unforgettable moments of mine with my friends are been posted in this blog..